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White coal is a form of fuel produced by drying chopped wood over a fire. It differs from charcoal which is carbonised wood. White coal was used in England to smelt lead ore from the mid-sixteenth to the late seventeenth centuries. It produces more heat than green wood but less than charcoal and thus prevents the lead evaporating.〔Rackham, Oliver (2007). ''The New Naturalist Series. Woodlands''. London : Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-720244-7. p. 205.〕 White coal could be used mixed with charcoal for other industrial uses than lead smelting.〔Muir, Richard (2008). ''Woods, Hedgerows and Leafy Lanes.'' Pub. Tempus, Stroud. ISBN 978-0-7524-4615-8. pp. 91 - 92.〕 White coal was produced in distinctive circular pits with a channel, known as Q-pits. They are frequently found in the woods of South Yorkshire. Nowadays white coal is made from 〔( Real biocoal )〕 * Groundnut shells * Cotton hulls and salks * Castor seed shells * Forest leaves; wood chips and shavings * Sugarcane bagasse * Rice husk and paddy straw * Mustard waste * Coir dust * Coffee husk * Sunflower waste * Maize stalks * Bajra cobs * Sesame seeds oil cake * Wheat straw Benefits of white coal:〔( AR Fuels )〕〔( Hadoti biotech )〕〔( Ramit biocoal )〕 * White coal is cheaper than coal and fire wood. * There is no sulphur in the white coal, therefore no toxic gases. * Moisture content is nil. * Biomass briquettes have a higher practical thermal value. * Briquettes have consistent quality, have high burning efficiency, and are ideally sized for complete combustion. * Combustion is more uniform compared to coal and boiler response to changes in steam requirements is faster, due to higher quantity of volatile matter in briquettes. * Low ash contents. * The calorific value of the finished briquettes is approximately 3500 to 4000 kcal/kg. India is fast becoming a major manufacturer and consumer of white coal. A large number of companies have switched their boiler fuels to use white coal instead of fossil fuels. White Coal manufacturing capacity is coming up in droves in the state of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan. The production of White coal (Briquettes made of Biomass) using agricultural and forest waste is more common in North India.〔( Zee News )〕〔( India-carbon outlook )〕 ==See also== Solid biofuels 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「white coal」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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